Dear Readers, Daily Current Affairs Questions Quiz for SBI, IBPS, RBI, RRB, SSC Exam 2024 of 21st December 2024. Daily GK quiz online for bank & competitive exam. Here we have given the Daily Current Affairs Quiz based on the previous days Daily Current Affairs updates. Candidates preparing for IBPS, SBI, RBI, RRB, SSC Exam 2024 & other competitive exams can make use of these Current Affairs Quiz.
1) According to the asset allocation of the plan, how many days does the Securities and Exchange Board of India cap fresh fund offer fundraising based on mutual fund deployment?
(a) 15 days
(b) 30 days
(c) 25 days
(d) 45 days
(e) 60 days
2) The deadline for environmental, social, and governance disclosures under the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting framework has been extended by the Securities and Exchange Board of India by one year, to FY26. Which BRSR Principle will mandate that businesses reveal green credits produced or acquired by the business and its top ten value chain partners as part of a new leadership indicator?
(a) Principle 6
(b) Principle 7
(c) Principle 8
(d) Principle 9
(e) Principle 5
3) How many million dollars was the loan for the Maharashtra Sustainable Climate-Resilient Coastal Protection and Management Project agreed between the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India (GoI)?
(a) $42 million
(b) $41 million
(c) $40 million
(d) $43 million
(e) $45 million
4) A multi-currency syndicated loan of $1.27 billion is obtained by Shriram Finance. How many major banks organized the loan?
(a) 11
(b) 12
(c) 10
(d) 13
(e) 15
5) According to Nasscom President Rajesh Nambiar, the Indian IT sector is expected to rise from $254 billion in FY2023–2024 to $350 billion by 2030. Which company did Nambiar previously hold the positions of MD and Chairman?
(a) TCS
(b) Cognizant
(c) Tech Mahindra
(d) Wipro
(e) Accenture
6) The Indian government is crafting a comprehensive measure to combat the growth of illicit lending applications and unregulated lending practices. How many years in jail and monetary fines of up to ₹1 crore may be imposed for promoting unregulated lending activities?
(a) 5years
(b) 10years
(c) 12years
(d) 15years
(e) 20years
7) The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance has launched a fresh investigation into the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) participation in digital marketplaces. Despite a previous exhaustive evaluation by the same committee chaired by __________, a fresh investigation has been initiated.
(a) Jayant Sinha
(b) Bidya Devi
(c) Ram Chandra
(d) Nikhil Kamath
(e) Yuga Bharathi
8) The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has declared that from _________, solar enterprises must only utilize India-made solar photovoltaic (PV) cells to participate in government procurement programs.
(a) June 2026
(b) April 2026
(c) January 2026
(d) March 2026
(e) December 2026
9) Along with which country did China launch the “Phewa Dialogue” series to promote regional prosperity and peace policies recently (Dec 2024)?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Myanmar
(c) Bhutan
(d) Nepal
(e) Afghanistan
10) Which company has launched a margin trading facility (MTF), allowing consumers to borrow money to purchase equities for delivery?
(a) Zerodha
(b) Groww
(c) Kotak Mahindra
(d) Nippon
(e) Niva Bupa
11) How many agricultural commodities have halted their derivative contract trading by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) until January 31, 2025?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
(e) 9
12) Which company has partnered with footwear behemoth Bata India to enter the rapidly expanding quick commerce segment, providing speedy delivery throughout Delhi NCR?
(a) Zepto
(b) Amazon
(c) Flipkart
(d) Jiomart
(e) Alibaba
13) Which nation’s Museums Dévelopment (FMD) and the Ministry of Culture have announced a historic collaboration to establish the Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum as a top cultural organization?
(a) France
(b) Singapore
(c) Germany
(d) Denmark
(e) Canada
14) Which firm has reappointed Unsoo Kim as its Managing Director (MD) for a three-year term beginning on January 25, 2025?
(a) Hyundai Motor India
(b) TATA motors
(c) Maruti Suzuki
(d) TVS Motor Limited
(e) Ford
15) Recently(Dec’24), Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala was overwhelmingly reappointed as Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) for a second four-year term beginning on September 1, 2025. He served as the WTO’s _________ Director-General.
(a) 5th
(b) 6th
(c) 7th
(d) 8th
(e) 9th
16) The event titled ‘DRDO-Industry-Academia – Global Approach to Readiness of Indigenous Military Applications’ (DIA-GARIMA) was organized by which institution on December 19, 2024?
(a) IIT Bombay
(b) IIT Delhi
(c) IIT Kanpur
(d) IIT Madras
(e) IIT Roorkee
17) In order to settle a $16 million disagreement, which company will Genesis Aircraft Lessor purchase a $4 million share in?
(a) AirIndia
(b) SpiceJet
(c) Indigo
(d) Akasa Air
(e) Vistara
18) According to the report, Richa Ghosh, an Indian wicketkeeper-batsman, equaled the record for the fastest half-century in women’s T20I history during the series decider against which country at the DY Patil Sports Academy?
(a) New Zealand
(b) West Indies
(c) Australia
(d) England
(e) Sri Lanka
19) Which company has announced that Liam Lawson will replace Sergio Perez as the team’s second driver alongside four-time World Champion Max Verstappen in the 2025 Formula 1 season?
(a) McLaren
(b) Red Bull
(c) Mercedes
(d) Ferrari
(e) Mahindra
20) How many members are in the World Trade Organization(WTO)?
(a) 165
(b) 164
(c) 163
(d) 162
(e) 166
Answers :
1) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)Â has mandated mutual funds to specify the amount they plan to raise in a New Fund Offer (NFO) based on their ability to deploy the raised funds within a specified timeframe.
The objective is to ensure that mutual funds only collect as much money in NFOs as they can reasonably deploy, typically within 30 days, as per the scheme’s asset allocation.
Detailed Explanation:
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)Â has mandated mutual funds to specify the amount they plan to raise in a New Fund Offer (NFO) based on their ability to deploy the raised funds within a specified timeframe.
The objective is to ensure that mutual funds only collect as much money in NFOs as they can reasonably deploy, typically within 30 days, as per the scheme’s asset allocation.
Addressing Mis-selling: SEBI has introduced measures to combat mis-selling during NFOs.
In switch transactions, distributors will be entitled to the lower of the two commissions offered under the two schemes involved in the transaction.
Relaxed Regulations: SEBI has relaxed various regulatory frameworks, including:
Minimum investment requirements for mutual funds.
Disclosure frequency and lock-in periods for employees who have resigned.
Empowerment of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee to ensure compliance.
Relaxed requirements for employees managing liquid funds.
Relaxed redemption norms.
2) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
Markets regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has decided to defer the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) disclosure deadline for value chain partners of listed companies by one year until FY26, giving more time to them to comply with the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) requirements.
New Leadership Indicator: Under Principle 6 of the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR), a new leadership indicator will require companies to disclose green credits generated or procured by the company and its top 10 value chain partners.
Detailed Explanation:
Markets regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has decided to defer the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) disclosure deadline for value chain partners of listed companies by one year until FY26, giving more time to them to comply with the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) requirements.
Approval of Relaxations: SEBI’s board approved several relaxations for ESG disclosures, including:
Deferring ESG disclosures for value chain partners until FY26 (instead of FY25).
Deferring assessment or assurance of ESG disclosures until FY27 (instead of FY26).
Reduced Scope for Value Chain Reporting: SEBI reduced the scope of value chain disclosures to cover the top upstream and downstream partners, individually accounting for 2% or more of the listed entity’s purchases and sales by value.
Reporting Limitation: Entities can limit value chain disclosures to 75% of their total purchases and sales by value.
New Leadership Indicator: Under Principle 6 of the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR), a new leadership indicator will require companies to disclose green credits generated or procured by the company and its top 10 value chain partners.
3) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
The Government of India (GoI) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed a $42 million loan for the Maharashtra Sustainable Climate-Resilient Coastal Protection and Management Project.
Detailed Explanation:
The Government of India (GoI) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed a $42 million loan for the Maharashtra Sustainable Climate-Resilient Coastal Protection and Management Project.
The loan aims to provide coastal and riverbank protection to enhance the resilience of local communities and natural ecosystems in Maharashtra.
Project Details: The project focuses on stabilizing Maharashtra’s coastline and protecting livelihoods of coastal communities.
It uses hybrid approaches such as offshore reefs, rock protection works, and nature-based solutions like beach and dune nourishment.
Technological Solutions: Advanced technologies for predicting climate change impacts, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather, will be utilized.
The coastal management information system will be enhanced with remote sensing satellite imagery.
4) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Shriram Finance raised $1.27 billion through a multi-currency syndicated external commercial borrowing (ECB), marking it as the largest ECB loan secured by a domestic private non-banking finance company (NBFC).
Currency Denominations: The loan is structured in multiple currencies:
$1.15 billion in USD
275 million in Dirhams
50 million in Euros
Tenor: The loan has a tenor of up to five years.
Lender Participation: The loan was arranged by 12 leading banks.
Detailed Explanation:
Shriram Finance raised $1.27 billion through a multi-currency syndicated external commercial borrowing (ECB), marking it as the largest ECB loan secured by a domestic private non-banking finance company (NBFC).
Currency Denominations: The loan is structured in multiple currencies:
$1.15 billion in USD
275 million in Dirhams
50 million in Euros
Tenor: The loan has a tenor of up to five years.
Lender Participation: The loan was arranged by 12 leading banks, including:
Development institution International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Banks like DBS Bank, First Abu Dhabi Bank, HSBC, MUFG Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
Emirates NBD Bank acted as the mandated lead arranger, underwriter, and book runner, with BNP Paribas, CTBC Bank, and Deutsche Bank contributing as mandated lead arrangers and book runners.
5) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
The Indian tech industry is projected to reach a market size of $350 billion by 2030, growing from $254 billion in FY2023-24, according to Nasscom President Rajesh Nambiar.
Rajesh Nambiar took over as Nasscom President, succeeding Debjani Ghosh, who completed her term in November.
Nambiar previously served as Chairman and MD of Cognizant India.
Detailed Explanation:
The Indian tech industry is projected to reach a market size of $350 billion by 2030, growing from $254 billion in FY2023-24, according to Nasscom President Rajesh Nambiar.
Despite recent headwinds, the sector’s anticipated 6.4% CAGR demonstrates long-term resilience.
Earlier forecasts predicted the $350 billion milestone by FY2026, but this has now been extended by five years due to slower-than-expected growth.
IT exports grew just 3.3% in constant currency, totaling$199 billion—a sharp decline from 11.4% growth the previous year.
Minimal expansion was observed in revenue and employment.
Generative AI (GenAI)Â and other transformative technologies are pivotal to growth.
Rajesh Nambiar took over as Nasscom President, succeeding Debjani Ghosh, who completed her term in November.
Nambiar previously served as Chairman and MD of Cognizant India.
6) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
The Indian government is drafting a comprehensive bill to tackle the proliferation of illegal lending apps and unregulated lending activities.
This legislation proposes strict punitive measures, enhanced regulation, and improved transparency to protect consumers and restore confidence in the financial ecosystem.
Jail terms of up to 10 years and monetary fines of up to ₹1 crore for promoting unregulated lending activities.
Detailed Explanation:
The Indian government is drafting a comprehensive bill to tackle the proliferation of illegal lending apps and unregulated lending activities.
This legislation proposes strict punitive measures, enhanced regulation, and improved transparency to protect consumers and restore confidence in the financial ecosystem.
Jail terms of up to 10 years and monetary fines of up to ₹1 crore for promoting unregulated lending activities.
Raids can be conducted without warrants against suspected offenders.
Seeks to outlaw all illegal lending activities, whether conducted digitally or otherwise.
Designated Authority and Database:
A dedicated authority will maintain a database of authorized lenders.
Public access will allow consumers to verify the legitimacy of lenders.
Regulated lenders failing to provide required information to the authority may face fines of up to ₹5 lakh.
7) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
The anticipated enactment of the Digital Competition Bill, aimed at regulating India’s digital economy, faces potential delays as the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance has initiated a fresh examination of the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) role in digital markets.
Despite a prior comprehensive review by the same committee chaired by Jayant Sinha, a renewed examination has been launched.
Detailed Explanation:
The anticipated enactment of the Digital Competition Bill, aimed at regulating India’s digital economy, faces potential delays as the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance has initiated a fresh examination of the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) role in digital markets.
This unexpected move comes while the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) was in the advanced stages of finalizing the draft bill after incorporating stakeholder feedback.
Despite a prior comprehensive review by the same committee chaired by Jayant Sinha, a renewed examination has been launched.
This has created overlap and raised concerns of duplicated efforts that may slow down the legislative process.
8) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced that from June 2026, solar companies will need to exclusively use India-made solar photovoltaic (PV) cells to participate in government procurement programmes.
Detailed Explanation:
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced that from June 2026, solar companies will need to exclusively use India-made solar photovoltaic (PV) cells to participate in government procurement programmes.
The move aims to reduce dependency on foreign imports for components used in solar panel manufacturing.
Encourages the growth and utilization of domestic manufacturing capacities.
India’s installed manufacturing capacity stands at:
63 GW for solar modules
5.8 GW for solar PV cells
The capacity for solar PV cells is expected to expand significantly in the coming year.
9) Answer: D
Short Explanation:
Nepal and China governments launched the “Phewa Dialogue” series in a collaborative effort to formulate regional prosperity and peace policies.
The event is being hosted by Sichuan University’s China Center for South Asian Studies and Tribhuvan University’s Department of International Relations and Diplomacy.
Detailed Explanation:
Nepal and China governments launched the “Phewa Dialogue” series in a collaborative effort to formulate regional prosperity and peace policies.
The dialogue was inaugurated by former President Bidya Devi Bhandari of Nepal.
The event is being hosted by Sichuan University’s China Center for South Asian Studies and Tribhuvan University’s Department of International Relations and Diplomacy.
The dialogue will focus on issues like South Asia’s global industrial shift and regional needs.
10) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
Leading Indian broking firm Zerodha has introduced a margin trading facility (MTF), allowing users to borrow money to buy stocks for delivery.
Nikhil Kamath, Zerodha’s co-founder, announced the launch on X (formerly Twitter), noting that the feature was introduced due to popular customer demand.
Detailed Explanation:
Leading Indian broking firm Zerodha has introduced a margin trading facility (MTF), allowing users to borrow money to buy stocks for delivery.
Nikhil Kamath, Zerodha’s co-founder, announced the launch on X (formerly Twitter), noting that the feature was introduced due to popular customer demand.
Kamath expressed hesitations about MTF, citing potential risks:
Cost of Borrowing: Customers often underestimate its impact.
Market Risks: Adverse market movements can lead to substantial losses.
Zerodha reported ₹9,372 crore ($1.1 billion) in revenue for FY24, a 37.16% growth from FY23’s ₹6,832 crore.
11) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has suspended trading in derivative contracts for seven agricultural commodities until January 31, 2025.
Detailed Explanation:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has suspended trading in derivative contracts for seven agricultural commodities until January 31, 2025.
Commodities Affected:
Paddy (non-basmati)
Wheat
Chana (gram)
Mustard seed and its derivatives
Soybean and its derivatives
Crude palm oil
Moong (green gram)
Duration:
The current suspension, which was set to expire on December 20, 2024, has been extended by just over a month, raising hopes of a potential resumption for some commodities.
12) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
Footwear giant Bata India has entered the fast-growing quick commerce market by teaming up with Zepto, offering swift deliveries across Delhi NCR.
Detailed Explanation:
Footwear giant Bata India has entered the fast-growing quick commerce market by teaming up with Zepto, offering swift deliveries across Delhi NCR.
The initiative aims to cater to the increasing demand for fast and convenient shopping experiences, with plans to expand services to other major metropolitan cities.
The partnership integrates Bata’s stylish and high-quality footwear with Zepto’s rapid delivery network.
Designed to strengthen Bata’s omni-channel presence, the collaboration ensures that customers can shop online, in-store, or opt for rapid doorstep delivery.
Gunjan Shah, CEO of Bata India, emphasized that the partnership reflects their commitment to transforming and innovating for consumer convenience.
13) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
The Ministry of Culture has announced a landmark partnership with France Museums Développement (FMD) to develop the Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum as a world-class cultural institution.
This project is part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project and will cover 1,55,000 square meters across the iconic North and South Blocks in New Delhi.
The Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum (YYBNM) will celebrate India’s unbroken civilizational history.
Detailed Explanation:
The Ministry of Culture has announced a landmark partnership with France Museums Développement (FMD) to develop the Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum as a world-class cultural institution.
This project is part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project and will cover 1,55,000 square meters across the iconic North and South Blocks in New Delhi.
The Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum (YYBNM) will celebrate India’s unbroken civilizational history.
The project was first announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the International Museum Expo in May 2023 and reiterated during the Bharat Mandapam inauguration in July 2023.
This collaboration builds on the cultural cooperation between India and France, with France’s museum development expertise playing a key role. France’s successful transformations, such as the Louvre and Grand Palais, serve as models for this project.
France will assist in the feasibility study, covering aspects like museum case studies, interpretive planning, and building programming.
14) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
Unsoo Kim has been reappointed as the Managing Director (MD) of Hyundai Motor India for a term of three years, starting from January 25, 2025.
The reappointment was approved by the company’s board and recommended in a regulatory filing.
Pradeep Chugh has been appointed as the company secretary of Hyundai Motor India, effective immediately.
Detailed Explanation:
Unsoo Kim has been reappointed as the Managing Director (MD) of Hyundai Motor India for a term of three years, starting from January 25, 2025.
The reappointment was approved by the company’s board and recommended in a regulatory filing.
Pradeep Chugh has been appointed as the company secretary of Hyundai Motor India, effective immediately.
He replaced Divya Venkat, who resigned from the position.
Unsoo Kim joined Hyundai Motor Company, South Korea, in 1991.
He has been associated with Hyundai Motor India Ltd since 2022.
Prior to his current role, Kim served as the Executive Vice President of Global
Operations at Hyundai Motor Company.
15) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) General Council unanimously agreed to reappoint Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as the Director-General for a second four-year term, starting from September 1, 2025.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is the 7th Director-General of the WTO.
Detailed Explanation:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) General Council unanimously agreed to reappoint Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as the Director-General for a second four-year term, starting from September 1, 2025.
Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is former Minister of Finance for the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is the 7th Director-General of the WTO.
Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala first assumed office as Director-General on 1 March 2021, becoming the first woman and first African to lead the WTO.
Her first term concludes on 31 August 2025
16) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
The event titled ‘DRDO-Industry-Academia – Global Approach to Readiness of Indigenous Military Applications’ (DIA-GARIMA) was organized by DRDO-Industry-Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE) at IIT Delhi on December 19, 2024.
Detailed Explanation:
The event titled ‘DRDO-Industry-Academia – Global Approach to Readiness of Indigenous Military Applications’ (DIA-GARIMA) was organized by DRDO-Industry-Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE) at IIT Delhi on December 19, 2024.
Tripartite Agreements Signed:10 agreements were signed between DRDO, IIT Delhi, and industry partners during the event.
Technology Transfer:Transfer of Technology for Light Weight Bullet Resistant Jacket (ABHED) to the following companies:
MIDHANI (Mishra Dhatu Nigam), Rohtak
SMPP Pvt Ltd, Delhi
AR Polymers (MKU), Kanpur
17) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Genesis Aircraft Lessor will acquire a stake worth $4 million in SpiceJet as part of a settlement for a $16 million dispute.
SpiceJet will pay $6 million to Genesis for the settlement.
Both parties have agreed to withdraw ongoing litigations and disputes related to this matter.
Genesis will acquire $4 million worth of SpiceJet equity at Rs 100 per share.
SpiceJet’s Financial Moves:SpiceJet recently raised Rs 3,000 crore to address financial challenges.
Detailed Explanation:
Genesis Aircraft Lessor will acquire a stake worth $4 million in SpiceJet as part of a settlement for a $16 million dispute.
SpiceJet will pay $6 million to Genesis for the settlement.
Both parties have agreed to withdraw ongoing litigations and disputes related to this matter.
Genesis will acquire $4 million worth of SpiceJet equity at Rs 100 per share.
SpiceJet’s Financial Moves:SpiceJet recently raised Rs 3,000 crore to address financial challenges.
The airline has been working on settling various disputes with lessors and other entities.
Other Settlements:In September, Carlyle Aviation agreed to convert $30 million of lease arrears into SpiceJet equity at Rs 100 per share.
18) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Indian wicketkeeper-batter Richa Ghosh achieved a remarkable milestone on Thursday, equaling the record for the fastest half-century in women’s T20I history during the series decider against the West Indies at the DY Patil Sports Academy.
Detailed Explanation:
Indian wicketkeeper-batter Richa Ghosh achieved a remarkable milestone on Thursday, equaling the record for the fastest half-century in women’s T20I history during the series decider against the West Indies at the DY Patil Sports Academy.
Richa scored an explosive 18-ball fifty, tying the world record with New Zealand’s Sophie Devine and Australia’s Phoebe Litchfield.
It also set a new benchmark for the fastest fifty by an Indian women’s batter in T20Is
Powered by Richa and skipper Smriti Mandhana (77 runs), India posted a record 217/4, their highest-ever in women’s T20Is.
This surpassed the previous best of 201/5, achieved earlier this year against the UAE in the Women’s Asia Cup.
19) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Red Bull has announced that Liam Lawson will replace Sergio Perez as the team’s second driver alongside four-time World Champion Max Verstappen in the 2025 Formula 1 season.
Detailed Explanation:
Red Bull has announced that Liam Lawson will replace Sergio Perez as the team’s second driver alongside four-time World Champion Max Verstappen in the 2025 Formula 1 season.
Sergio Perez confirmed he would be leaving Red Bull with immediate effect, despite having two years remaining on his contract.
Red Bull narrowed down its shortlist to Liam Lawson and Yuki Tsunoda for Perez’s replacement.
The decision to promote Lawson, the New Zealand driver, was based on his impressive performances in 2023 and 2024 as a super-sub for the team.
Lawson filled in for Daniel Ricciardo in 2023, racing for five races, and continued to substitute Ricciardo in the 2024 season from the United States Grand Prix onwards.
20) Answer: E
About WTO :
Founded : 1 January 1995
Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland
Membership : 166 members (162 UN member states, the European Union, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan)