“20-20” English Question | Crack SBI Clerk 2018 Day-134

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Directions (1-10): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

Plastic, the wonder material that we use for everything and which pollutes our environment, is perhaps the most harmful of trash dumped by mariners and sea-goers in sea because it does not readily break down in nature. According to the Centre for Marine Conservation, over 25,000 pieces of fishing line were collected from U.S. beaches during the 1996 annual beach clean-up and at least 40% of all animal entanglements reported during the clean-ups involved fishing line. India hosted this year’s World Environment Day and Prime Minister made a high-profile pledge, to international acclaim, that it would do away with all single-use plastics by 2022. Worldwide, the problem has got out of hand, with only 9% of about nine billion tonnes of plastic produced getting recycled. India has an uninspiring record when it comes to handling waste. Quite simply, if the Centre and the States had got down to dealing with the existing regulations on plastic waste management and municipal solid waste, a ban would not even have become necessary. To address the global concern that the bulk of India’s plastic waste estimated officially at 26,000 tonnes a day is being dumped in the oceans, there has to be an effort on a war footing to segregate it at source. The Urban Development Secretary in each State, who heads the monitoring committee under the rules, should be mandated to produce a monthly report on how much plastic waste is collected, including details of the types of chemicals involved, and the disposal methods. Such compulsory disclosure norms will maintain public pressure on the authorities, including the State Pollution Control Boards. But, as the UN Environment Programme notes, their wild popularity has turned them into a scourge. In the middle stage, it is very flexible and can be given any shape depending on temperature and pressure. In practices, urea, formaldehyde, poly ethylene, polystyrene, polycithylcholide, phenoloic compounds and other substances are used in the preparation of plastics pollution. Now-a-days the most popular plastic pollution is caused is polyvinyl chloride. When any food material or blood is stored in the said plastic containers then gradually the soluble chemical gets dissolved in them causing death due to cancer and other skin diseases. Recently U.S.A. has banned the use of P.V.C. plastic in space apparatus and in food containers. India should immediately ban the use of P.V.C. in water pipes, food and medicine containers to save the lives of millions who are already suffering from different types of ailments.

Plastics are used because these are easy and cheap to make and they can last a long time. Unfortunately these very useful qualities make plastic a huge pollution problem. Because the plastic is cheap it gets discarded easily and its persistence in the environment can do great harm. Urbanization has added to the plastic pollution in concentrated form in cities. Plastic thrown on land can enter the drainage lines and choke them resulting into floods in local areas in cities as was experienced in Mumbai, India in 1998. A recent study of blue petrel chicks on South Africa’s remote Marine Island showed that 90% of chicks examined had plastic in their stomachs apparently fed to them accidentally by their parents. Since the development of plastic earlier this century, it has become a popular material used in a wide variety of ways. Today plastic is used to make, or wrap around, many of the items we buy or use. The problem arises when we no longer want these items and we have to dispose off them, particularly the throwaway plastic material used in packaging. Plastic does not decompose, and requires high energy ultraviolet light to break down, the amount of plastic waste in our oceans is steadily increasing. This plastic can affect marine wildlife in two important ways; by entangling creatures, and by being swallowed. Over 260 species, including invertebrates, turtles, fish, seabirds and mammals, have been reported to ingest or become entangled in plastic debris, resulting in impaired movement and feeding, reduced reproductive output, lacerations, ulcers, and finally death. When ingested, such small particles can also be carried from the gut into other body tissues. Ingestion of plastic can lead to wounds; impairment of feeding capacity; blockage of digestive tract followed by satiation and starvation; and general debilitation often leading to death. Plasticizers and organic contaminants they typically sorb and concentrate on plastics at levels far superior to the surrounding marine environment have been shown to affect both development and reproduction in a wide range of marine organisms.

And one of the worst environmental effects of plastic bags is that they are non-biodegradable. The decomposition of plastic bags takes about 1000 years. The quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink or bath on, and the earth in which we grow our food has an immense effect on our health. A recent US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Study found that about 93 percent of the US population has bisphenol A, a chemical that can be found in canned goods and in hard, clear plastic items in their body. Endocrine disruptors are ubiquitous in our environment and have deep impact on our health. Endocrine distruptor chemicals are added to plastic products to make them softer and easier to handle. These EDCs are common in our environment and, when absorbed by human beings and wildlife, mimic the action of hormones and have been linked to reproductive problems in animals and human beings are known to affect fat cells. Bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor is a key monomer in production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Thin plastics are thrown anywhere and everywhere causing the following environmental degradation problems. It blocks the open sewage system and results in stagnation of sewage paving way for the mosquitoes which leads to the spread of various diseases, Plastic dumped on the soil prevents water percolation into the water table, It affects the very structure of soil, Water stagnating on the plastics strewn on the land becomes a breeding ground for mosquitoes which, in turn, produce diseases, Burning of plastics results in release of toxins in the atmosphere which, in turn, causes dreadly Cancer. Here are some steps that we can take to reverse the tide of toxic, non-biodegradable pollution so that it may not overtake our planet. Put produce in paper, canvas, and other healthy-fiber bags, Use wax paper bags, Use only glass bottles or cans, Support recycling schemes and promote support for one in your local area, Practice and promote paper disposal of plastics in your home and at the beach. Always remember that litter generates litter. Never dispose off plastics in the sewage system.

1) According to the passage which of the following statements have been mentioned as an effect of plastic pollution on marine wildlife?

1. The non- biodegradable plastic on swallowing by marine organism can result in impaired movement, reduced reproductive output, lacerations, ulcers etc
2. Ingestion of plastic can lead to wounds, blockage of digestive tract followed by satiation and starvation often leading to death
3.  When the fishes with huge amount of plastic are eaten by marine organism it lead to diseases like cancer.

a) i and ii

b) Only iii

c) ii and iii

d) i and iii

e) None of these

2) According to the passage which of the following has been correct as per the report of the Centre for Marine Conservation?

1. 90% of chicks examined had plastic in their stomachs fed to them accidentally by their parents
2. Over 25,000 pieces of fishing line were collected from U.S. beaches during the 1996 annual beach cleanse
3. About 40% of all animal involvement reported during the cleanse drives involved fishing line

a) Only ii

b) i and ii

c) ii and iii

d) i and iii

e) None of these

3) According to the passage which of the following compounds is used in the preparation of plastics pollution?

a) Formaldehyde

b) Poly ethylene

c) Polystyrene

d) Teflon

e) Polycithylcholide

4) Which of the following is true in the context of the passage?

1. Plastic thrown on land can enter the drainage lines and block them resulting into floods
2. Plastic does not decompose and requires high energy ultra-violet light to break down
3. Plastic can affect marine wildlife in two important ways-by creatures embroiling and by being swallowed

a) i and ii

b) Only ii

c) i and iii

d) ii and iii

e) All are correct

5) According to the passage which of the following statement has been mentioned correct about Endocrine disruptors?

1. Endocrine disruptors when absorbed by human beings and wildlife imitate the action of hormones and have been linked to reproductive problems in animals and human beings
2. When any food material is stored in it then the insolvable chemical gets dissolved in them causing death due to cancer and other skin diseases
3. Endocrine disruptor such as Bisphenol A is a key monomer in production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins

a) ii and iii

b) Only i

c) i and ii

d) i and iii

e) None of these

6) According to the passage which of the following environmental degradation is caused by the thin plastics?

1. It chokes the open sewage system and results in stagnation of sewage which leads to the spread of various diseases
2. Plastic dumped on the soil prevents water dominance
3. Burning of plastics results in release of toxins which, in turn, causes diseases such as Cancer.

a) i and ii

b) i and iii

c) ii and iii

d) All of the above

e) None of these

7) Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word “entangling” printed in bold as used in the passage.

a) Implicate

b) Extricate

c) Redeem

d) Emancipate

e) Unbind

8) Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word “scourge” printed in bold as used in the passage.

a) Invigorate

b) Succor

c) Excoriate

d) Gladden

e) Enliven

9) Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word “ubiquitous” printed in bold as used in the passage

a) Pervasive

b) Sporadic

c) Omnipresent

d) Universal

e) Infinite

10) Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word “debilitation” printed in bold as used in the passage

a) Fatigue

b) Enervation

c) Infirmity

d) Debility

e) Tenacity

Directions (11-15): Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Below the sentence are five sets of words. Choose the set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

11) In reality, trade is unlikely to stop it’s just going to get more difficult, _________ gaps, inefficiencies and costs in trade finance will make it more challenging, a series of events have _______ affected Indian exporters.

a) Dogged, variously

b) Persisting, adversely

c) Sustained, untowardly

d) Relenting, antithetically

e) Culminating, skeptically

12) Stricter regulation led to a reduction in correspondent banking relationships, the Financial Stability Board’s directives on banking regulations _________ by the excesses of western banks have actually _________ banks and companies.

a) Persuaded, oppress

b) Suppressed, wringed

c) Instigated, distended

d) Prompted, squeezed

e) Elicited, wrench

13) The world is at critical ________ on many planetary boundaries, and establishing a system that shows promise in improving them while supporting people sustainably is surely one worth ________.

a) Junctures, pursuing

b) Quandary, adhering

c) Exigencies, eschewing

d) Plights, retreating

e) Predicament, accompanying

14) Providing people quality health care and living conditions will _______them and complement their personal goals and development, no citizen deserves less than a shot at a healthy, _________ and quality life in a prosperous economy

a) Delegate, abbreviated

b) Accredits, enduring

c) Empower, prolonged

d) Legitimize, abridged

e) Revoke, protracted

15) A _________ economy, characterised by _______ foreign direct investment high inflation and a depreciating lira, had given the Opposition some hope of taking the fight to Mr. Erdoğan.

a) Vacillating, plummeted

b) Faltering, plunging

c) Quavered, sinking

d) Scrupled, slackening

e) Enduring, crumbling

Directions (16-20): In each of the following questions on phrase has been given and it has been followed by four sentences. You have to find out on which sentences phrase has been used properly according to its meaning and mark your answer from the options denoted a), b), c), d) Mark e) as your answer of you find that the phrase has been applied properly in all sentences

16) Skip out

1. I thought he should have skipped out long ago.
2. I skipped out the book, just looking at the pictures.
3. We skipped out on the lecture and went to a movie instead.
4. Tisza skipped out the report, not bothering to read it.

a) ii and iv

b) i and ii

c) iii and iv

d) i and iii

e) All are correct

17) Fold back

1. The top page folded back, revealing a neatly typed manuscript.
2. The surgeon folded the flap of skin back, revealing the torn ligament.
3. She folded back the page to mark her place in the book
4. She very carefully folded the page back to mark her place in the book.

a) i and ii

b) iii and iv

c) ii and iii

d) i and iv

e) All are correct

18) Carry away

1. If you carry away a loss or credit, you apply it to a previous tax year.
2. Someone carried our lawn furniture away while we were on vacation.
3. The excitement of the parade carried us all away.
4. Rescue operations were carried away spite of the storm.

a) i and ii

b) iii and iv

c) ii and iii

d) i and iv

e) All are correct

19) Head for

1. You’re headed for trouble if you keep telling such lies.
2. He headed the boat for the island and sped off
3. She waved good-bye as she headed for the door
4. Aisha came in and headed for her mother.

a) ii and iii

b) i and iv

c) iii and iv

d) All except ii

e) All are correct

20) Boil down

1. All of the complaints at work boil down to a lack of good leadership.
2. You can boil down the left over juices and make a nice sauce
3.  I turned up the heat too high and the soup boiled down.
4. Things got out of hand and the crowd’s passions boiled down.

a) iii and iv

b) i and ii

c) ii and iv

d) All except iii

e) All are correct

Answers:

1). Correct Answer is: a)

It is mentioned in the para 2-species, including invertebrates, turtles, fish, seabirds and mammals, have been reported to ingest or become entangled in plastic debris, resulting in impaired movement and feeding, reduced reproductive output, lacerations, ulcers, and finally death. Ingestion of plastic can lead to wounds; impairment of feeding capacity; blockage of digestive tract followed by satiation and starvation; and general debilitation often leading to death.

2). Correct Answer is: c)

It is mentioned in the para 1-According to the Centre for Marine Conservation, over 25,000 pieces of fishing line were collected from U.S. beaches during the 1996 annual beach clean-up and at least 40% of all animal entanglements reported during the clean-ups involved fishing line.

3). Correct Answer is: d)

It is mentioned in the para 1-In practices, urea, formaldehyde, poly ethylene, polystyrene, polycithylcholide, phenoloic compounds and other substances are used in the preparation of plastics pollution.

4). Correct Answer is: e)

It is mentioned in the para 2-Plastic thrown on land can enter the drainage lines and choke them resulting into floods in local areas in cities as was experienced in Mumbai, India in 1998, Plastic does not decompose, and requires high energy ultraviolet light to break down, the amount of plastic waste in our oceans is steadily increasing. This plastic can affect marine wildlife in two important ways; by entangling creatures, and by being swallowed.

5). Correct Answer is: d)

It is clearly mentioned in the para 3-Endocrine disruptor chemicals are added to plastic products to make them softer and easier to handle. These EDCs are common in our environment and, when absorbed by human beings and wildlife, mimic the action of hormones and have been linked to reproductive problems in animals and human beings are known to affect fat cells. Bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor is a key monomer in production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins

6). Correct Answer is: d)

It is clearly mentioned in the para 3-Thin plastics are thrown anywhere and everywhere causing the following environmental degradation problems. It blocks the open sewage system and results in stagnation of sewage paving way for the mosquitoes which leads to the spread of various diseases, Plastic dumped on the soil prevents water percolation into the water table, It affects the very structure of soil, Burning of plastics results in release of toxins in the atmosphere which, in turn, causes dreadly Cancer.

7). Correct Answer is: a)

The meaning of entangling is cause to become twisted together with something

8). Correct Answer is: c)

The meaning of scourge is to cause great suffering

9). Correct Answer is: b)

The meaning of ubiquitous is present, appearing, or found everywhere

10). Correct Answer is: e)

The meaning of debilitation is depletion of strength

Direction (11-15)

11). Correct answer- b)

The meaning of “persisting” is “continuing to exist or occur” and it is suitable for i blanks and the meaning of “adversely” is “harmfully or unfavourably” so it is appropriate for ii blank.

12). Correct answer- d)

The meaning of “prompted” is “to cause or bring about an action” and it is suitable for i blanks and the meaning of “squeezed” is “to force or obtain something” so it is appropriate for ii blank.

13). Correct answer- a)

The meaning of “junctures” is “a particular point in events or time” and it is suitable for i blanks and the meaning of “pursuing” is “to continue or proceed along” so it is appropriate for ii blank.

14). Correct answer- c)

The meaning of “empower” is “to enable or allow someone” and it is suitable for i blanks and the meaning of “prolonged” is “continuing for a long time or longer than usual” so it is appropriate for ii blank.’

15). Correct answer- b)

The meaning of “faltering” is “to lose strength or momentum” and it is suitable for i blanks and the meaning of “plunging” is “falling steeply” so it is appropriate for ii blank.’

Direction (16-20)

16). Correct answer- d)

The meaning of “skip out” is to fail to attend something or to leave someone or something suddenly and the phrase has been applied properly in i and iii sentences

17). Correct answer- e)

The meaning of “Fold back” is to bend a sheet or flap of something back and the phrase has been applied properly in all the sentences

18). Correct answer- c)

The meaning of “carry away” is to cause a person to lose control or to steal someone or something and the phrase has been applied properly in ii and iii sentences

19). Correct answer- d)

The meaning of “head for” is to move toward someone/something or to set someone on a course toward some situation and the phrase has been applied properly in i, iii and iv sentences

20). Correct answer- b)

The meaning of “boil down” is to make an amount of liquid or food less in quantity or to have something as a root cause and the phrase has been applied properly in i and ii sentences

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