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CURRENT AFFAIRS: BANKING & FINANCE

Argentina seals $20 billion International Monetary Fund deal, tears down currency controls

• Argentina signed a $20 billion, 48-month Extended Fund Facility deal with the International Monetary Fund.
• $12 billion will be disbursed by April 8, 2025, and $2 billion more by June.
• The IMF aims to help Argentina regain access to international capital markets and attract multilateral/bilateral support.
• The program emphasizes fiscal discipline and a more flexible foreign exchange regime.

Key Highlights:

• Argentina’s central bank will scrap the fixed currency peg and allow the peso to float within a band of 1,000–1,400 per dollar.
• Capital controls known as “cepo,” in place since 2019, will be largely dismantled.
• Companies will now be allowed to repatriate profits abroad—expected to boost investment.
• Economy Minister Luis Caputo announced the end of forex restrictions and predicted economic normalization.
• President Javier Milei claimed Argentina is now better positioned against external shocks.
• The IMF cautioned about risks from global trade tensions, upcoming elections, and domestic instability.
• The currency band will widen by 1% monthly, allowing for a controlled devaluation path.
• The deal is Argentina’s 23rd with the IMF, underlining its long-standing reliance on international aid.
• Funds will recapitalize the central bank, fight inflation, and potentially enable tax relief.
• Additional multiyear support includes $12 billion from the World Bank and $10 billion from the Inter-American Development Bank.
• Argentina’s foreign reserves remain negative, and the country risk index is rising.
• Economist Ricardo Delgado called the move a devaluation and expressed concern over lifting controls amid global uncertainty.

About International Monetary Fund (IMF):

• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global financial institution that promotes international monetary cooperation, financial stability, and economic growth while providing financial assistance to member countries facing balance of payments issues.
• Founded Year: 1944
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., United States
• Managing Director: Kristalina Georgieva
• Members: 191 countries

CURRENT AFFAIRS: NATIONAL NEWS

India Launches National Critical Mineral Mission to Secure Green Energy Resources

• India’s green energy ambitions are heavily dependent on the availability of critical minerals essential for technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles (EVs), and battery storage.
• To ensure the availability of these resources, the Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025.
• The mission is coordinated by the Ministry of Mines and led by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), aiming to reduce import dependency, strengthen domestic capabilities, and enhance global competitiveness through focused exploration, processing, and recycling of critical minerals.

Key Highlights of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

• 30 minerals were identified in 2022 by a special committee.
• 24 minerals were added to Part D of Schedule I of the MMDR Act, 1957, granting exclusive auction rights to the central government.
• Key minerals include lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements (REEs), nickel, tungsten, tellurium, silicon, and more.

Strategic Mineral Stockpile

• 5 critical mineral stockpiles to ensure resource security.

Strategic Components of the Mission

1. Exploration Drive
   • Launch of 195 new projects in 2024-25, including 35 in Rajasthan.
   • Over 100 critical mineral blocks to be auctioned.
   • Offshore exploration in polymetallic nodules (Co, Ni, Mn, REEs).
   • Use of UNFC classification and MEMC Rules, 2015.
2. Fast-track Reforms
   • Introduction of Exploration Licence (EL) for private players.
   • Relaxed rules and incentives for recovering minerals from secondary sources (e.g., fly ash, red mud).
3. Global Asset Acquisition
   • KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd):
     • Agreement with Argentina’s CAMYEN SE for a 15,703 ha lithium block.
     • MoU with Australia’s Critical Minerals Office.
   • Strategic coordination with MEA (Ministry of External Affairs) for diplomatic initiatives.
   • Support to private and public firms through funding and guidelines.
4. Domestic Industry Boost
   • IREL (India) Limited:
     • Focus on ilmenite, zircon, garnet, and rare earths.
     • Rare Earth Extraction Plant in Odisha and Refining Unit in Kerala.
     • Achieved a turnover of ₹14,625 million in 2021–22.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi Launches ₹3,880 Crore Development Projects in Varanasi

• Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched and laid the foundation for over ₹3,880 crore worth of development projects in Varanasi, covering a wide range of sectors including infrastructure, energy, education, law enforcement, public welfare, and cultural heritage.
• The aim is to transform Varanasi into a modern city while preserving its rich heritage, enhancing connectivity, boosting the rural economy, and supporting artisans, students, senior citizens, and small businesses.

Key Highlights of the Varanasi Development Projects

Infrastructure and Connectivity

• Over ₹980 crore invested in road infrastructure.
• Key projects include:
  • Bridge connecting Varanasi Ring Road to Sarnath.
  • Flyovers at Bhikharipur and Manduadih crossings.
  • Underpass tunnel on NH-31 near Varanasi International Airport.

Energy Sector

• Total energy projects worth ₹1,820 crore.
• Inaugurated:
  • Two 400 KV substations.
  • One 220 KV substation in Jaunpur, Chandauli, and Ghazipur.
• Foundation laid:
  • 220 KV substation in Chaukaghat.
  • 132 KV substation in Ghazipur.
  • Expansion of Varanasi’s power distribution network (₹775 crore).

Law Enforcement and Safety

• Inaugurated:
  • Transit hostel at police line.
  • New barracks at PAC campus, Ramnagar.
• Foundation laid for:
  • Administrative and residential buildings at multiple police stations.

Education Initiatives

• Inaugurated:
  • Government Polytechnic College, Pindra.
  • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Government College, Barki.
  • 356 rural libraries and 100 Anganwadi centres.
• Foundation laid for:
  • Renovation of 77 primary schools under the Smart City Mission.
  • New building for Kasturba Gandhi School, Cholapur.

Public Utilities & Urban Beautification

• Redevelopment of Samne Ghat and Shastri Ghat (on Ganga River).
• Improvements in 6 municipal wards.
• 130 rural drinking water schemes under Jal Jeevan Mission (₹345 crore).
• Initiatives for urban landscaping and sculpture installations.

MSMEs, Artisans & Solar Projects

• Foundation laid for MSME Unity Mall to promote traditional crafts.
• Infrastructure under Transport Nagar Scheme at Mohansarai.
• Inaugurated 1 MW solar power plant at Water Treatment Plant, Bhelupur.
• Beautification of public parks and construction of community halls in 40 gram panchayats.

Welfare & Heritage

• Distributed Ayushman Vay Vandana health cards to senior citizens.
• Presented GI (Geographical Indication) certificates for:
  • Tabla.
  • Traditional paintings.
  • Thandai.
  • Tiranga barfi.

Rural Economy Boost

• ₹105 crore transferred as bonus to milk suppliers of Banas Dairy, supporting the dairy and agriculture

RECENT NEWS

• In January 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.

Hyderabad Hosts Second STREE Summit to Advance Women’s Safety and Empowerment

• The Hyderabad City Security Council (HCSC) is set to host the second edition of the STREE Summit on April 15, 2025.
• This key event is dedicated to enhancing women’s safety, security, and empowerment.
• Bringing together professionals, advocates, and experts, the summit aims to address the challenges women face in society by providing a platform for shared learning, collaboration, and practical solutions.
• Supported by HCSC Chairperson and Hyderabad Police Commissioner C.V. Anand, the event is committed to advancing gender equality through actionable strategies and collective efforts.

Event Overview

• Date & Organization: The STREE Summit is scheduled for April 15, 2025, organized by the Hyderabad City Security Council (HCSC).
• Edition: This is the second edition of the summit, centered on women’s safety and security.

HCSC’s Role

• Leadership: Under the guidance of V. Anand HCSC is dedicated to ensuring women’s safety as a moral responsibility.
• Commitment: The council is focused on developing actionable solutions through shared learning and broad-based collaboration.

Focus Areas

• Addressing gender equality and the specific safety challenges faced by women.
• Promoting a culture of respect and empowerment.
• Ensuring that actionable strategies are developed to enhance overall women’s security.

Collaborative Approach

• Stakeholders Involved: The summit will bring together a diverse group including lawyers, journalists, health professionals, and experts from various fields.
• Goal: To drive tangible improvements in women’s safety through collaborative dialogues and shared experiences.

RECENT NEWS

• In March 2025, City Union Bank (CUB) officially partnered with Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) as its exclusive banking partner.
• In February 2025, The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has introduced the latest version of its structural analysis software, Finite Element Analysis of Structures (FEAST) 2025, at the 8th National Finite Element Developers’/FEAST Users’ Meet (NAFED08) held at IIT Hyderabad.

Kavach 5.0: A Technological Leap for Mumbai’s Suburban Rail System

• In a significant technological advancement, Union Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the introduction of Kavach 5.0, the next-generation Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, aimed at boosting Mumbai’s suburban rail system.
• This system is set to improve the frequency of trains by 30%, providing much-needed relief to nearly 80 lakh daily commuters.
• Kavach 5.0 will enhance safety, particularly in adverse weather conditions, by automatically applying the brakes in case the loco pilot fails to act in time.

1. What is Kavach?
   • Kavach: An Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed in India.
   • Purpose:
     • Prevents train collisions and overspeeding by automatically applying brakes.
     • Assists trains in maintaining safe operations during adverse weather.
     • Acts as a safety backup if loco pilots fail to respond promptly.

2. Kavach 5.0 – Latest Version
   • Current Version: Kavach 4.0 is being implemented across Indian Railways.
   • New Development: Kavach 5.0 is specifically being developed for Mumbai suburban rail.
   • Completion Timeline: Development expected to be completed by December 2025.
3. Impact on Mumbai Local Train Services
   • Goal: Reduce the time gap between two trains by 30% (from 180 seconds).
   • Result: A 30% increase in the number of daily train services.
   • Current Operations:
     • Daily services: ~3,500
     • Commuters: ~80 lakh
   • Outcome: Improved frequency, reduced congestion, and more comfortable travel.
4. Infrastructure Investment
   • Implementation Phases: The project will be executed in 3 phases:
5. Infrastructure development
6. Technology integration
7. Additional services
   • Financial Support: Projects worth ₹17,000 crore are underway to modernize the suburban rail system.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: STATE NEWS

Madhya Pradesh government announces new wildlife sanctuary named after Dr BR Ambedkar in Sagar

• The Madhya Pradesh government has declared a 258.64 sq km area in Sagar district as a wildlife sanctuary.
• The sanctuary is named Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyaran, in honour of Dr B R Ambedkar.
• The official notification was issued, ahead of Ambedkar’s 134th birth anniversary on April 14.
• With this, Madhya Pradesh, known for its tiger reserves, now has 25 wildlife sanctuaries.
• The sanctuary is located in the reserved forest area of the North Sagar forest division, Tehsil Banda, and Shahgarh forest.
• Chief Minister Mohan Yadav stated the sanctuary will enhance conservation efforts, promote forests and wildlife, and strengthen the ecosystem.
• It is also expected to boost tourism and create employment opportunities for local communities.

About Madhya Pradesh:

• Chief Minister: Mohan Yadav
• Governor: Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
• Capital: Bhopal
• National Parks: Kanha National Park, Bandhavgarh National Park, Pench National Park, Panna National Park.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Ken Gharial Sanctuary, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary.

Meghalaya’s Ryndia and Khasi handloom products earn Geographical Indication (GI) tag for indigenous textiles

• The Government of India has officially granted Geographical Indication (GI) tags to Ryndia silk and Khasi handloom products from Meghalaya, marking a significant recognition for the state’s traditional textile sector.
• Ryndia is a handwoven fabric known for being:
  • Hand-spun
  • Naturally dyed
  • Organically produced
  • Ethically sourced
• The GI tag acknowledges the cultural value and traditional craftsmanship of these products, boosting their market value, identity, and economic potential.
• The initiative was led by the Meghalaya Department of Textiles over a four-year period, with:
  • Strategic support from NABARD
  • Technical guidance by Dr Rajnikanth
  • Collaboration with the Meghalaya Ryndia Producers Association
• A joint application was submitted to the Geographical Indications Registry under the Intellectual Property Office.
• This progress builds upon the recognition of Umden-Diwon as Meghalaya’s first Eri Silk Village on February 12, 2021.
• The final Consultative GI Group meeting was held in Kolkata on November 20, 2024, attended by:
• Frederick Roy Kharkongor, Principal Secretary of the Textiles Department
• Department officials
• Members of the Meghalaya Ryndia Producers Association
• Local artisans from the Eri Silk Village

About Meghalaya:

• Capital: Shillong
• Chief Minister: Conrad Kongkal Sangma
• Governor: C. H. Vijayashankar
• National Parks: Nokrek National Park, Balphakram National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary, Siju Wildlife Sanctuary, Baghmara Pitcher Plant Wildlife Sanctuary, Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary, Balpakram Baghmara Biosphere Reserve

CURRENT AFFAIRS: BUSINESS NEWS

India’s Industrial Activity Slows in February 2025: IIP Growth at 2.9%

• India’s industrial activity experienced a marked deceleration in February 2025, with the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) expanding at just 2.9%, the slowest pace in six months.
• This sharp drop was largely attributed to sluggish growth in key sectors such as mining, manufacturing, and electricity, as well as the high base effect from the previous year.
• Despite the downturn, capital goods emerged as a bright spot with a notable uptick in production.

1. IIP Growth Overview
   • IIP Growth (Feb 2025): 2.9% (vs 4% forecast by Reuters).
   • Lowest Growth in 6 Months: The growth rate in February 2025 marks the slowest expansion in half a year.
   • Comparison with Feb 2024: Growth in Feb 2024 was significantly higher across most sectors.
2. Sectoral Performance
   • Mining: +1.6% (vs +8.1% in Feb 2024).
   • Manufacturing: +2.9% (vs +4.9% in Feb 2024).
   • Electricity: +3.6% (vs +7.6% in Feb 2024).
3. Use-Based Classification Trends
   • Capital Goods: +8.2% (Strong growth; Feb 2024: +1.7%).
   • Intermediate Goods: +1.5% (Slowest among all segments).
   • Consumer Non-Durables: -2.1% (Decline continues; Feb 2024: -3.2%).
   • All other segments experienced slower growth compared to the previous year.
4. Month-on-Month Concerns
   • Decline Across All Sub-Sectors: All sub-sectors under use-based classification saw a decline compared to January 2025, ending a 5-month streak of positive momentum.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: AWARDS AND HONOURS

James Anderson Knighted for Outstanding Contribution to Cricket

• James Anderson, England’s iconic fast bowler, has been awarded a knighthood in the resignation honours list of former Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, announced.
• Known for his unparalleled longevity and record-breaking achievements, Anderson retired from international cricket in 2024, leaving behind an unmatched legacy in Test bowling.

Knighthood Honor

• Date of Announcement: April 11, 2025.
• Honours List: Awarded as part of former PM Rishi Sunak’s resignation honours list.
• Title: Anderson is now officially “Sir Jimmy Anderson”.

Career Milestones

• Test Debut: Made his debut in 2003 at Lord’s.
• Retirement: Retired after playing 188 Test matches, claiming 704 wickets, the highest by any England bowler.
• Record: Holds the record for the most Test wickets by any seam bowler.
• All-Time Test Wickets Ranking: Ranks third in all-time Test wickets with:
  • Muttiah Muralitharan: 800 wickets
  • Shane Warne: 708 wickets

International Career

• Total International Wickets: Accumulated 991 international wickets across all formats.
• Retirement: Retired from international cricket in July 2024, aged 42.
• Post-Retirement: Continued to play county cricket for Lancashire (signed for the 2025 season).

Achievements & Legacy

• Ashes Success: Won four Ashes series.
• Recognition: Celebrated for his skill, sportsmanship, and global contribution to cricket.
• ECB Recognition: Richard Thompson (ECB chair) described Anderson as a “true world-great”.

Dr. Ambrish Mithal Receives 2025 CSA Medal of Achievement for Osteoporosis Research

• Dr. Ambrish Mithal, a distinguished Indian endocrinologist, has been honored with the 2025 Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Medal of Achievement by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF).
• The award was presented at the World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis & Musculoskeletal Diseases (WCO-IOF-ESCEO 2025) in Rome, Italy, recognizing his pioneering work in osteoporosis research and his significant contributions to improving the understanding and treatment of the disease, especially in India.

1. Award Recognition
   • Award: IOF’s 2025 CSA Medal of Achievement.
   • Presented by: Professor Eugene McCloskey, Chair of the CSA.
   • Event: Presented at the World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis & Musculoskeletal Diseases (WCO-IOF-ESCEO 2025) in Rome.
2. Significant Achievements in Osteoporosis
   • Pioneering Service: Established India’s first bone density measurement service in 1996.
   • Impact: Marked a major advancement in diagnosing and treating osteoporosis in India.
   • Promotion: Played a pivotal role in advancing bone and mineral research and raising awareness about osteoporosis nationally.
3. Ongoing Advocacy and Research
   • IOF Involvement: Member of the IOF’s Scientific Advisors Committee.
   • Leadership Roles:
     • Chaired the Nutrition Working Group; contributed to the global vitamin D status report (2010).
     • Led the IOF Asia Pacific Audits in 2009 and 2013.
   • Research Focus: His studies on vitamin D and hypovitaminosis D have significantly influenced global recommendations on vitamin D intake.
4. Personal Commitment and Vision
   • Advocacy: Stressed the growing concern of osteoporosis in India amid a rising aging population.
   • Prevention and Treatment: Emphasized the importance of early prevention and effective treatment to combat increasing fragility fractures.
   • Passion: Expressed honor and lifelong passion for advancing osteoporosis research and awareness.
5. Recognition in India
   • Padma Bhushan Award: Received in 2015 for his contributions to medicine.
   • Legacy: Established as a leader in Indian endocrinology and a major influencer in the field of osteoporosis care.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: MOUS AND AGREEMENT

Mauritius Becomes First African Nation to Sign Country Partnership Framework with ISA

• In a landmark development, Mauritius has become the first African nation and the fourth country globally to sign the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) with the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
• This partnership aims to enhance cooperation in the field of solar energy and drive the country’s clean energy transition.

Key Highlights

• Historic First:
  • Mauritius is the first African country to sign ISA’s Country Partnership Framework (CPF).
• Global Context:
  • Mauritius is the fourth country globally to enter into CPF with ISA.
  • Other countries that have signed CPF before: Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Cuba.

What is the Country Partnership Framework (CPF)?

• A strategic document formulated by the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
• Facilitates medium- and long-term cooperation between ISA and its member nations.
• Supports countries in achieving solar energy targets through customized strategies.

Objectives of the CPF with Mauritius

• Strengthen collaboration on solar energy projects.
• Accelerate clean energy transition and improve energy security.
• Focus on scalable and innovative technologies to meet sustainable development goals.

About International Solar Alliance (ISA)

• Treaty-based intergovernmental organization
• Launched in 2015 by India and France during COP21 in Paris
• Membership: 120 member countries, including India, France, Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and many others.
• Headquarters: In Gurugram, Haryana, India, located at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE).
• Mission: Promote solar energy use, especially in tropical countries
• Goal: Mobilize USD 1 trillion in solar investments by 2030

RECENT NEWS

• In a significant move to enhance bilateral trade and financial cooperation, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Bank of Mauritius (BOM) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to facilitate the use of the Indian Rupee (INR) and the Mauritian Rupee (MUR) for cross-border transactions.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: RANKING AND INDEX

Skytrax World Airport Awards 2025: Asian Airports Dominate Global Rankings

• The Skytrax World Airport Awards 2025, held in Madrid, recognized top-performing airports globally based on customer satisfaction, infrastructure quality, and innovation.
• Asia continues to lead with Singapore Changi Airport once again named the World’s Best Airport.

Top 3 Airports in the World – 2025

1. Singapore Changi Airport (Singapore)
   • Ranked 1st globally (13th time winning the title)
   • Awards won:
     • World’s Best Airport 2025
     • Best Airport Dining
     • Best Airport Washrooms
     • Best Airport in Asia
   • Key Features: Jewel Mall, indoor waterfall, movie theatres, themed gardens, and cultural exhibits
2. Hamad International Airport (Doha, Qatar)
   • Ranked 2nd globally
   • Awards won:
     • Best Airport in the Middle East
     • World’s Best Airport Shopping
   • Notable: Former 3-time winner of the top spot
3. Tokyo International Airport – Haneda (Japan)
   • Ranked 3rd globally
   • Awards won:
     • Best Domestic Airport (Global)
     • World’s Cleanest Airport (Major Category)
     • Best PRM & Accessible Facilities
   • Annual Passenger Handling: Over 70 million

Performance of Indian Airports – 2025

• Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi):
  • Best Airport in India & South Asia
• Kempegowda International Airport (Bengaluru):
  • Best Regional Airport in India & South Asia
• Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad):
  • Best Airport Staff Service in India & South Asia
• Manohar International Airport (Goa):
  • Cleanest Airport in India & South Asia (under 5 million passengers category)

Top 20 Airports in the World – 2025 (Selected List)

1. Singapore Changi Airport – Singapore
2. Hamad International Airport – Qatar
3. Tokyo Haneda Airport – Japan
4. Incheon International Airport – South Korea
5. Narita International Airport – Japan
6. Hong Kong International Airport – Hong Kong
7. Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport – France
8. Rome Fiumicino Airport – Italy
9. Munich Airport – Germany
10. Zurich Airport – Switzerland
11. Dubai International Airport – UAE
12. Helsinki-Vantaa Airport – Finland
13. Vancouver International Airport – Canada
14. Istanbul Airport – Turkey
15. Vienna International Airport – Austria
16. Melbourne Airport – Australia
17. Chubu Centrair International Airport – Japan
18. Copenhagen Airport – Denmark
19. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport – Netherlands
20. Bahrain International Airport – Bahrain

CURRENT AFFAIRS: DEFENCE NEWS

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducts successful Release Trials of Long-Range Glide Bomb ‘Gaurav’ from Su-30 MKI aircraft

• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted successful Release Trials of the Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’ from April 08–10, 2025.
• The trials were conducted using the Su-30 MKI aircraft, integrating the weapon at multiple stations with different warhead configurations targeting land-based objectives on an island.
• The bomb achieved a range close to 100 km with pin-point accuracy, validating its effectiveness and advanced guidance capabilities.
• LRGB ‘Gaurav’ is a 1,000 kg class glide bomb, indigenously developed by:
• Research Centre Imarat (RCI)
• Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE)
• Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur
• The system development included support from:
• Adani Defence Systems & Technologies
• Bharat Forge
• Various MSMEs
• Certification and quality assurance contributions came from:
• Centre for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC)
• Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA)

About DRDO:

• Founded: 1958
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Defence, Government of India
• Chairman: Dr. Samir V. Kamat

CURRENT AFFAIRS: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Chandrayaan’s ChaSTE (Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment) scores a first after taking moon’s temperature

• The ChaSTE (Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment) aboard Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander became the first successful thermal probe to penetrate the lunar surface near the moon’s south pole, providing in situ temperature measurements.
• Deployed after the lander touched down on August 23, 2023, the probe burrowed 10 cm into the soil, collecting data until September 2, 2023.
• This data helped confirm that water ice is more prevalent on the moon than previously expected.
• Unlike earlier unsuccessful missions — the MUPUS probe on ESA’s Philae lander (2014) and NASA’s HP3 instrument on the InSight Mars lander (2018) — which used hammering mechanisms but failed due to landing challenges and friction issues, ChaSTE used a rotation-based mechanism to successfully insert itself into the lunar soil.

China unveils new radio telescope in Antarctica

• China has unveiled the “Three Gorges Antarctic Eye,” a 3.2-metre aperture radio/millimetre-wave telescope, at a scientific research station in Antarctica.
• It is a new telescope, 3.2 meters wide, established at China’s Zhongshan Station in Antarctica.
• It is a special kind of telescope called a radio/millimeter-wave telescope, which means it can detect radio waves and other invisible light from space.
• This telescope to help scientists study things like neutral hydrogen (a type of gas in space) and ammonia molecules.
• These are important because they help to understand how stars are born and how gases move around in space.
• Two universities in China worked together to build this telescope: China Three Gorges University (CTGU) and Shanghai Normal University (SHNU).
• China is also expanding its astronomy efforts in Antarctica.
• Before this telescope, they had other instruments, like the Antarctic Survey Telescopes (AST3), which were used for different kinds of observations.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: SPORTS NEWS

Virat Kohli Sets an IPL Record for 1000 Boundaries, Redefining Cricketing Greatness

• Virat Kohli, the talismanic batter of Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB), has once again redefined cricketing excellence in the Indian Premier League (IPL).
• In the 2025 season, Kohli etched his name in the record books by becoming the first player ever to register a combined total of 1000 boundaries (fours and sixes) in IPL history.
• This historic milestone was achieved during the match between RCB and Delhi Capitals (DC) at the M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru.
• Despite his stellar individual performance, RCB fell short as they suffered a defeat against a dominant DC side spearheaded by KL Rahul and Tristan Stubbs.

Milestone Achievement

• Record Set: First-ever player to amass 1000 boundaries (fours + sixes) in IPL history.
• Breakdown: Kohli’s tally now stands at 721 fours and 279 sixes.

Match Details

• Match: RCB vs DC, IPL 2025.
• Venue: M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru.
• Kohli’s Contribution: Scored 22 runs off 14 balls, which included 1 four and 2 sixes, before being dismissed by Vipraj Nigam.

Other Leading Boundary Scorers (Post-Kohli)

• Shikhar Dhawan: 920 boundaries.
• David Warner: 899 boundaries.
• Rohit Sharma: 885 boundaries.

RECENT NEWS

• In March 2025, The ICC Champions Trophy 2025 final witnessed a historic moment as Virat Kohli and Rohit Sharma etched their names in the record books. By playing in their 9th ICC event final, they surpassed Yuvraj Singh’s record for the most appearances in ICC tournament finals.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: OBITUARY

Telangana’s ‘Tree Man’, Who Planted Over A Crore Saplings, Died At 87

• Daripalli Ramaiah, popularly known as “Vanajeevi” or “Chettu (Tree) Ramaiah”, passed away at the age of 87 in Reddipalli village, Khammam district, Telangana.
• According to family sources, he suffered a heart attack at his residence.
• He was a Padma Shri awardee (2017), honoured for his lifelong dedication to environmental conservation and for planting over one crore saplings across Telangana.
• Ramaiah was widely recognized as a “green crusader” who believed deeply in the idea that “the survival of mankind is impossible without nature and environment.”

Bajaj Auto non-executive director Madhur Bajaj passed away at the age of 63

• Madhur Bajaj, veteran industrialist and former vice-chairman of Bajaj Auto, passed away at the age of 73 in Mumbai after a brief illness.
• He was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital, South Mumbai, a few days ago and suffered a stroke two days before his demise. He breathed his last at 5 AM on Friday.
• His last rites were conducted at Worli crematorium in Mumbai in the afternoon.
• Born on August 19, 1952, Madhur Bajaj was a third-generation member of the Jamanlal Bajaj family, a legacy deeply rooted in both business and public service.
• He resigned as Vice-Chairman of Bajaj Auto in January 2023 due to health reasons.
• Professional contributions:
  • Served as Director in Bajaj Finserv, Bajaj Electricals, and other Bajaj Group companies
  • Chairman of Maharashtra Scooters Limited
  • President of SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) from 2005–2007
  • Past President of MCCIA (Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture)
• Awards and recognitions:
• Conferred the ‘Vikas Rattan’ Award by the International Friendship Society of India for his contributions to enriching human life and his outstanding achievements.

Ex Real Madrid and Netherlands coach Beenhakker died aged 82

• Former Real Madrid and Netherlands coach Leo Beenhakker has passed away at the age of 82, as announced by LaLiga club Real Madrid.
• The Dutchman had an illustrious coaching career, managing top clubs and national teams, including Ajax Amsterdam, Feyenoord, Real Madrid, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Poland.
• He led Ajax to Eredivisie titles in 1979–80 and 1989–90, and later won the Dutch league again with Feyenoord in the 1998–99
• Beenhakker’s most successful tenure came at Real Madrid, where he managed the club from 1986 to 1989 and briefly again in 1992. During this period, he secured:
• 3 LaLiga titles
• 1 Copa del Rey
• 2 Supercopa de España trophies
• He also made history by guiding Trinidad and Tobago to their first-ever FIFA World Cup appearance in 2006.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: IMPORTANT DAYS

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 2025: April 13

• Every year April 13th is observed as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• Jallianwalla also called the Massacre of Amritsar incident on April 13, 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in the Punjab region of India.

History

• The people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of the two nationalist leaders Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew on 13th April 1919.
• Suddenly a British military officer General Dyer entered the park with the troops. Without even giving a warning to the people he ordered the troops to open fire on an unarmed crowd for ten minutes and when their ammunition was exhausted they left.
• According to the estimates of the congress, about a thousand persons were killed and about 2000 wounded.
• The bullet marks can still be seen on the walls of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre which is now a national memorial.
• General Dyer had no regrets he went to England and some Englishmen collected money to honor him.
• Others were shocked at this act of brutality and demanded an inquiry. A British newspaper called it one of the modern histories.

Dr. Ambedkar Jayanti 2025: April 14

• In India, every year April 14th is celebrated as Dr.Ambedkar Jayanti.
• India celebrates Dr. Ambedkar Jayanti to remember and honor his significant contribution to the Indian poor.

History

• Ambedkar was the son of an officer in the Indian army.
• Ambedkar and his family belonged to the lowest caste in India and he was considered to be untouchable.
• Ambedkar faced a great deal of discrimination during his childhood years. He studied very hard and scored high marks in the high school entrance examinations.
• The community of untouchables where Ambedkar lived celebrated his success and honored him with gifts and kind words. After gaining independence from the British Ambedkar was invited to become the first law and justice minister and he accepted the offer.
• He was later appointed to draft India’s first constitution to which he obliged and thus the constitution of India came into existence. According to him the problems of the depressed people are not resolved completely through political power.
• In 1942 he was a member of the Victoria’s executive council. He fought to safeguard the rights of the low-class people.
• He was a social reformer and economist throughout his life.

Daily CA One- Liner: April 13 & 14

• India’s green energy ambitions are heavily dependent on the availability of critical minerals essential for technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles (EVs), and battery storage.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched and laid the foundation for over ₹3,880 crore worth of development projects in Varanasi, covering a wide range of sectors including infrastructure, energy, education, law enforcement, public welfare, and cultural heritage.
• The Hyderabad City Security Council (HCSC) is set to host the second edition of the STREE Summit on April 15, 2025.
• In a significant technological advancement, Union Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the introduction of Kavach 5.0, the next-generation Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, aimed at boosting Mumbai’s suburban rail system.
• India’s industrial activity experienced a marked deceleration in February 2025, with the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) expanding at just 9%, the slowest pace in six months.
• James Anderson, England’s iconic fast bowler, has been awarded a knighthood in the resignation honours list of former Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, announced.
• Ambrish Mithal, a distinguished Indian endocrinologist, has been honored with the 2025 Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Medal of Achievement by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF).
• In a landmark development, Mauritius has become the first African nation and the fourth country globally to sign the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) with the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
• The Skytrax World Airport Awards 2025, held in Madrid, recognized top-performing airports globally based on customer satisfaction, infrastructure quality, and innovation.
• Virat Kohli, the talismanic batter of Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB), has once again redefined cricketing excellence in the Indian Premier League (IPL).
• Argentina signed a $20 billion, 48-month Extended Fund Facility deal with the International Monetary Fund.
• The Madhya Pradesh government has declared a 258.64 sq km area in Sagar district as a wildlife sanctuary.
• The Government of India has officially granted Geographical Indication (GI) tags to Ryndia silk and Khasi handloom products from Meghalaya, marking a significant recognition for the state’s traditional textile sector.
• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted successful Release Trials of the Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) ‘Gaurav’ from April 08–10, 2025.
• The ChaSTE (Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment) aboard Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander became the first successful thermal probe to penetrate the lunar surface near the moon’s south pole, providing in situ temperature measurements.
• China has unveiled the “Three Gorges Antarctic Eye,” a 3.2-metre aperture radio/millimetre-wave telescope, at a scientific research station in Antarctica.
• Daripalli Ramaiah, popularly known as “Vanajeevi” or “Chettu (Tree) Ramaiah”, passed away at the age of 87 in Reddipalli village, Khammam district, Telangana.
• Madhur Bajaj, veteran industrialist and former vice-chairman of Bajaj Auto, passed away at the age of 73 in Mumbai after a brief illness.
• Former Real Madrid and Netherlands coach Leo Beenhakker has passed away at the age of 82, as announced by LaLiga club Real Madrid.
• Every year April 13th is observed as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• In India, every year April 14th is celebrated as Dr.Ambedkar Jayanti.